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Welcome to Surfguppy

October 19, 2011

Why is water polar?

August 14, 2021September 15, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentMatter

Why is water polar and why is the water molecule a bent shape? Water is polar because it has one end that is slightly negatively charged, and another end that is positively charged. The water molecule is made of one Read More …

The Bohr Model

January 23, 2021June 3, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentEnergy

In 1913 Niels Bohr proposed a model to describe how energy levels are organized around an atom. While his model is now known to be incorrect, it is useful for understanding energy levels as Bohr’s model closely resembles planets orbiting Read More …

Ionization energy trend

October 25, 2020January 23, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentEnergy
Ionization energy trend

Ionization Energy Trend Ionization energy is defined as the amount of energy needed to eject a valence electron from an atom in the gas phase. It is measured in kJ/mol. A valence electron is simply an electron located in the Read More …

Periodic Table Trends

October 25, 2020January 23, 2021 Surfguppy4 CommentsEnergy
periodic table

Today, we are going to learn about how the periodic table is organized and the important information that it provides. Scientists discovered that if they arranged the elements according to their atomic number, properties of the elements would occur in Read More …

Electronegativity Bond Scale

October 25, 2015January 24, 2021 Surfguppy1 CommentBonds, Energy, Ionic and Covalent Bonding
Pauling Scale of Electronegativity

Photograph of Linus Pauling: Nobel Foundation, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons The above is an example of electronegativity bond scale. It shows the different types of chemical bonds formed between atoms based on the electronegativity difference. Bond scale varies slightly Read More …

The Mole Relationship to Carbon

October 24, 2015October 23, 2022 SurfguppyLeave a commentMole
A mole equals the number of atoms in 12 grams of carbona

Experiments have determined that in 12 g of carbon there are 6.022 x 10²³ atoms. 1 mole is defined as the number of atoms in 12 g of carbon. In other words, 1 mole of carbon contains 6.022 x 10²³ atoms!

Carbon to Carbon Bonds

October 22, 2015June 3, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentNon-Polar
Ethane is a hydrocarbon that contains a single carbon–carbon bond

Carbon-carbon bonds A carbon atom has 4 valence electrons A single bond Most bonds that carbon form are single bonds. Single bond simply means sharing one pair of bonding electrons between two atoms and is represented by a single line.  Read More …

The Mole Concept

October 21, 2015January 22, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentMole
What is a mole in chemistry?

1 mole = 6.022 x 10^23 particles Avogadro’s Constant Molar mass = grams per 1 mole of a substance Molar mass Moles = Mass / Molar Mass Moles calculation 1 mole = number of atoms in 12 g of carbon Read More …

Covalent Bonding

October 19, 2015January 23, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentCovalent Bond
In a covalent bond, two atoms share a pair of electrons

What is a COVALENT BOND? The term covalent bond is used to describe the bonds in compounds that result from the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons. There are two types of covalent bonds – nonpolar and polar Read More …

What is Molecular Mass?

October 19, 2015January 23, 2021 Surfguppy3 CommentsMole

How to calculate molecular mass? Determine the formula of the compound Use the periodic table, determine the atomic mass of each element present in the formula Multiply the atomic mass of each element by the number of atoms Finally, add Read More …

3 Simple Steps – the Ring Structure of Glucose Molecule

February 28, 2015October 19, 2015 Surfguppy2 CommentsOrganic Chemistry
Ring Structure of Glucose Molecule

For drawing purposes, the ring structure of the glucose molecule is broken down into three simple steps as shown below. Each molecule of glucose sugar is only 1 unit consisting of 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms and 6 oxygen atoms in Read More …

Simple Sugars – Monosaccharides

February 28, 2015January 28, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentOrganic Chemistry
Monosaccharide One Molecule Simple Sugar - Organic Chemistry

What are Monosaccharides? Monosaccharides are known as simple sugars, they are the simplest form of carbohydrate. They are short chain molecules containing only one chemical ring. Since they are only one ring, they can undergo chemical reactions to provide quick Read More …

Carbohydrates and Sugar

February 27, 2015March 20, 2015 SurfguppyLeave a commentOrganic Chemistry
keep calm it's only organic chemistry

Organic Chemistry Carbohydrate chemistry is a branch of organic chemistry that studies carbon compounds. Carbon can be found in food and non-food substance. As carbon plays a huge role in living things, organic chemistry is very important to medicine and life Read More …

4 Simple Steps – Chain Glucose Molecule

February 22, 2015January 28, 2021 Surfguppy10 CommentsOrganic Chemistry
Glucose Regatta - Glucose Molecule - C6H12O6

Glucose C6H12O6 Glucose is a carbohydrate and it is one of the smallest units of sugar Its chemical formula is C6H12O6 Glucose are hexoses – 6 carbon atoms sugars In total, there are 24 atoms that form the molecule Step 1: Draw Read More …

Carbon, Glucose

Open, Closed & Isolated Systems

February 19, 2015November 29, 2021 Surfguppy17 CommentsThermodynamics

Teach AP® chemistry with confidence and ease Open, Closed & Isolated Systems A system refers to any parts of the universe being studied. If you are conducting an experiment in a beaker, then the system you are studying is in Read More …

System and Surroundings

January 22, 2015January 28, 2021 Surfguppy2 CommentsThermodynamics

The Octet Rule of Electron Configuration

November 18, 2014January 24, 2021 Surfguppy2 CommentsEnergy
Valence electron octet rule

What is the Octet Rule of Electron Configuration? Electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in each energy level or shell of an atom. If the outer shell of an atom is not filled to its maximum level, the atom Read More …

Enthalpy Change Calculation

November 8, 2014January 28, 2021 Surfguppy1 CommentThermodynamics
Propane combustion

Propane Combustion When 0.5 g of propane is burned, the heat produced is used to raise the temperature of 100 cm³ of water from 20ºC to 40ºC. Calculate the enthalpy change (ΔH) for the reaction. Given the density of water Read More …

calculations

Enthalpy, Entropy & Gibbs Free Energy

November 8, 2014November 30, 2020 Surfguppy1 CommentThermodynamics
icon-gibbs-free-energy

 Enthalpy  Entropy Gibbs Free Energy       Enthalpy is the amount of heat energy transferred (heat absorbed or emitted) in a chemical process under constant pressure. Entropy measures the amount of heat dispersed or transferred during a chemical process. Gibbs Read More …

Enthalpy

November 8, 2014January 28, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentThermodynamics
delta H

The term enthalpy change is a term to describe the amount of heat that passes in or out of a system during a chemical reaction under constant pressure. Calorimeter In school, you can measure the heat exchange of a reaction Read More …

Reaction Spontaneity

May 10, 2014January 29, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentThermodynamics

(Picture above – dog escaping over the fence – winter 2015) A spontaneous process A spontaneous process is a physical or chemical change that occurs with no outside intervention. In life, many things happen spontaneously. For example, my dog escaped Read More …

Hess’s Law

May 9, 2014January 28, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentThermodynamics
cow

Hess’s law states that energy change in the overall chemical reaction is the sum of energy change or enthalpy change in the individual reactions that comprises it. Hess’s Law states that the heat evolved or absorbed in a chemical process is Read More …

Hess Law – Calculation for Methane Formation

May 9, 2014January 28, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentThermodynamics
Calculation for Methane formation using Hess Law - Chemistry

Methane gas – CH₄ What is the enthalpy change when methane is formed using carbon graphite and hydrogen? When a chemical reaction takes place, heat is either given off or absorbed. If heat is given off, it is called an Read More …

Understanding Gibbs Free Energy

May 9, 2014August 19, 2021 Surfguppy5 CommentsThermodynamics

What is Gibbs Free Energy? For a simple definition, Gibbs free energy can be described as the amount of energy available to do work. Gibbs Free Energy is invented by Josiah Willard Gibbs (February 11, 1839 – April 28, 1903) Read More …

Gibb’s Free Energy – Ammonia

May 8, 2014December 1, 2020 SurfguppyLeave a commentThermodynamics

The Haber process to manufacture ammonia using nitrogen and hydrogen is given by the equation below: Calculate Gibb’s free energy change (ΔG) at 298 K temperature. Given the entropy change (ΔS): -198 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ Enthalpy change (ΔH): -92 kJ Read More …

calculations

Entropy

May 7, 2014March 11, 2021 Surfguppy1 CommentThermodynamics
What is entropy?

What is entropy? Entropy refers to the amount of unusable energy in a system. When water flows over a dam, it loses some of its useful energy as heat Solid wood burns to become ash and releases gases. Solid ice Read More …

Carbon to Carbon – Single, Double & Triple Bonds

April 28, 2014December 28, 2022 Surfguppy2 CommentsPolymers

We know from the periodic table that a carbon atom has 4 valence electrons in the outermost shell.   In order for the atom to be more stable, the outermost shell must be filled up. Carbon follows the octet rule Read More …

Condensation Polymerization

April 22, 2014January 28, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentPolymers

Condensation polymers are any kind of polymers formed through a condensation reaction where molecules join together–losing small molecules as by-products such as water or methanol.

Addition Polymerization

April 22, 2014January 28, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentPolymers

In addition polymerization, all the original atoms present in the monomers are retained in the polymer product.

Types of Plastics and their Classification

April 22, 2014December 6, 2014 SurfguppyLeave a commentPolymers

Plastic classifications is a system established to allow consumers to properly recycle and dispose of different types of plastics. Manufactures follow a coding system and place an SPI code on each plastic product, and are usually printed or modeled into the bottom.

Posts navigation

Older posts

Why is water polar?

August 14, 2021September 15, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentMatter

Why is water polar and why is the water molecule a bent shape? Water is polar because it has one end that is slightly negatively charged, and another end that is positively charged. The water molecule is made of one Read More …

The Bohr Model

January 23, 2021June 3, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentEnergy

In 1913 Niels Bohr proposed a model to describe how energy levels are organized around an atom. While his model is now known to be incorrect, it is useful for understanding energy levels as Bohr’s model closely resembles planets orbiting Read More …

Ionization energy trend

October 25, 2020January 23, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentEnergy
Ionization energy trend

Ionization Energy Trend Ionization energy is defined as the amount of energy needed to eject a valence electron from an atom in the gas phase. It is measured in kJ/mol. A valence electron is simply an electron located in the Read More …

Periodic Table Trends

October 25, 2020January 23, 2021 Surfguppy4 CommentsEnergy
periodic table

Today, we are going to learn about how the periodic table is organized and the important information that it provides. Scientists discovered that if they arranged the elements according to their atomic number, properties of the elements would occur in Read More …

Electronegativity Bond Scale

October 25, 2015January 24, 2021 Surfguppy1 CommentBonds, Energy, Ionic and Covalent Bonding
Pauling Scale of Electronegativity

Photograph of Linus Pauling: Nobel Foundation, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons The above is an example of electronegativity bond scale. It shows the different types of chemical bonds formed between atoms based on the electronegativity difference. Bond scale varies slightly Read More …

The Mole Relationship to Carbon

October 24, 2015October 23, 2022 SurfguppyLeave a commentMole
A mole equals the number of atoms in 12 grams of carbona

Experiments have determined that in 12 g of carbon there are 6.022 x 10²³ atoms. 1 mole is defined as the number of atoms in 12 g of carbon. In other words, 1 mole of carbon contains 6.022 x 10²³ atoms!

Carbon to Carbon Bonds

October 22, 2015June 3, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentNon-Polar
Ethane is a hydrocarbon that contains a single carbon–carbon bond

Carbon-carbon bonds A carbon atom has 4 valence electrons A single bond Most bonds that carbon form are single bonds. Single bond simply means sharing one pair of bonding electrons between two atoms and is represented by a single line.  Read More …

The Mole Concept

October 21, 2015January 22, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentMole
What is a mole in chemistry?

1 mole = 6.022 x 10^23 particles Avogadro’s Constant Molar mass = grams per 1 mole of a substance Molar mass Moles = Mass / Molar Mass Moles calculation 1 mole = number of atoms in 12 g of carbon Read More …

Covalent Bonding

October 19, 2015January 23, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentCovalent Bond
In a covalent bond, two atoms share a pair of electrons

What is a COVALENT BOND? The term covalent bond is used to describe the bonds in compounds that result from the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons. There are two types of covalent bonds – nonpolar and polar Read More …

What is Molecular Mass?

October 19, 2015January 23, 2021 Surfguppy3 CommentsMole

How to calculate molecular mass? Determine the formula of the compound Use the periodic table, determine the atomic mass of each element present in the formula Multiply the atomic mass of each element by the number of atoms Finally, add Read More …

3 Simple Steps – the Ring Structure of Glucose Molecule

February 28, 2015October 19, 2015 Surfguppy2 CommentsOrganic Chemistry
Ring Structure of Glucose Molecule

For drawing purposes, the ring structure of the glucose molecule is broken down into three simple steps as shown below. Each molecule of glucose sugar is only 1 unit consisting of 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms and 6 oxygen atoms in Read More …

Simple Sugars – Monosaccharides

February 28, 2015January 28, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentOrganic Chemistry
Monosaccharide One Molecule Simple Sugar - Organic Chemistry

What are Monosaccharides? Monosaccharides are known as simple sugars, they are the simplest form of carbohydrate. They are short chain molecules containing only one chemical ring. Since they are only one ring, they can undergo chemical reactions to provide quick Read More …

Carbohydrates and Sugar

February 27, 2015March 20, 2015 SurfguppyLeave a commentOrganic Chemistry
keep calm it's only organic chemistry

Organic Chemistry Carbohydrate chemistry is a branch of organic chemistry that studies carbon compounds. Carbon can be found in food and non-food substance. As carbon plays a huge role in living things, organic chemistry is very important to medicine and life Read More …

4 Simple Steps – Chain Glucose Molecule

February 22, 2015January 28, 2021 Surfguppy10 CommentsOrganic Chemistry
Glucose Regatta - Glucose Molecule - C6H12O6

Glucose C6H12O6 Glucose is a carbohydrate and it is one of the smallest units of sugar Its chemical formula is C6H12O6 Glucose are hexoses – 6 carbon atoms sugars In total, there are 24 atoms that form the molecule Step 1: Draw Read More …

Carbon, Glucose

Open, Closed & Isolated Systems

February 19, 2015November 29, 2021 Surfguppy17 CommentsThermodynamics

Teach AP® chemistry with confidence and ease Open, Closed & Isolated Systems A system refers to any parts of the universe being studied. If you are conducting an experiment in a beaker, then the system you are studying is in Read More …

System and Surroundings

January 22, 2015January 28, 2021 Surfguppy2 CommentsThermodynamics

The Octet Rule of Electron Configuration

November 18, 2014January 24, 2021 Surfguppy2 CommentsEnergy
Valence electron octet rule

What is the Octet Rule of Electron Configuration? Electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in each energy level or shell of an atom. If the outer shell of an atom is not filled to its maximum level, the atom Read More …

Enthalpy Change Calculation

November 8, 2014January 28, 2021 Surfguppy1 CommentThermodynamics
Propane combustion

Propane Combustion When 0.5 g of propane is burned, the heat produced is used to raise the temperature of 100 cm³ of water from 20ºC to 40ºC. Calculate the enthalpy change (ΔH) for the reaction. Given the density of water Read More …

calculations

Enthalpy, Entropy & Gibbs Free Energy

November 8, 2014November 30, 2020 Surfguppy1 CommentThermodynamics
icon-gibbs-free-energy

 Enthalpy  Entropy Gibbs Free Energy       Enthalpy is the amount of heat energy transferred (heat absorbed or emitted) in a chemical process under constant pressure. Entropy measures the amount of heat dispersed or transferred during a chemical process. Gibbs Read More …

Enthalpy

November 8, 2014January 28, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentThermodynamics
delta H

The term enthalpy change is a term to describe the amount of heat that passes in or out of a system during a chemical reaction under constant pressure. Calorimeter In school, you can measure the heat exchange of a reaction Read More …

Reaction Spontaneity

May 10, 2014January 29, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentThermodynamics

(Picture above – dog escaping over the fence – winter 2015) A spontaneous process A spontaneous process is a physical or chemical change that occurs with no outside intervention. In life, many things happen spontaneously. For example, my dog escaped Read More …

Hess’s Law

May 9, 2014January 28, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentThermodynamics
cow

Hess’s law states that energy change in the overall chemical reaction is the sum of energy change or enthalpy change in the individual reactions that comprises it. Hess’s Law states that the heat evolved or absorbed in a chemical process is Read More …

Hess Law – Calculation for Methane Formation

May 9, 2014January 28, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentThermodynamics
Calculation for Methane formation using Hess Law - Chemistry

Methane gas – CH₄ What is the enthalpy change when methane is formed using carbon graphite and hydrogen? When a chemical reaction takes place, heat is either given off or absorbed. If heat is given off, it is called an Read More …

Understanding Gibbs Free Energy

May 9, 2014August 19, 2021 Surfguppy5 CommentsThermodynamics

What is Gibbs Free Energy? For a simple definition, Gibbs free energy can be described as the amount of energy available to do work. Gibbs Free Energy is invented by Josiah Willard Gibbs (February 11, 1839 – April 28, 1903) Read More …

Gibb’s Free Energy – Ammonia

May 8, 2014December 1, 2020 SurfguppyLeave a commentThermodynamics

The Haber process to manufacture ammonia using nitrogen and hydrogen is given by the equation below: Calculate Gibb’s free energy change (ΔG) at 298 K temperature. Given the entropy change (ΔS): -198 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ Enthalpy change (ΔH): -92 kJ Read More …

calculations

Entropy

May 7, 2014March 11, 2021 Surfguppy1 CommentThermodynamics
What is entropy?

What is entropy? Entropy refers to the amount of unusable energy in a system. When water flows over a dam, it loses some of its useful energy as heat Solid wood burns to become ash and releases gases. Solid ice Read More …

Carbon to Carbon – Single, Double & Triple Bonds

April 28, 2014December 28, 2022 Surfguppy2 CommentsPolymers

We know from the periodic table that a carbon atom has 4 valence electrons in the outermost shell.   In order for the atom to be more stable, the outermost shell must be filled up. Carbon follows the octet rule Read More …

Condensation Polymerization

April 22, 2014January 28, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentPolymers

Condensation polymers are any kind of polymers formed through a condensation reaction where molecules join together–losing small molecules as by-products such as water or methanol.

Addition Polymerization

April 22, 2014January 28, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentPolymers

In addition polymerization, all the original atoms present in the monomers are retained in the polymer product.

Types of Plastics and their Classification

April 22, 2014December 6, 2014 SurfguppyLeave a commentPolymers

Plastic classifications is a system established to allow consumers to properly recycle and dispose of different types of plastics. Manufactures follow a coding system and place an SPI code on each plastic product, and are usually printed or modeled into the bottom.

Posts navigation

Older posts

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