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Breaking News
Ionization energy trend (October 25, 2020)
Periodic Table Trends (October 25, 2020)
Electronegativity Bond Scale (October 25, 2015)
The Mole relationship to Carbon (October 24, 2015)
Carbon to Carbon Nonpolar Covalent Bond (October 22, 2015)
Ionization energy trend

Ionization energy trend

October 25, 2020
Periodic Table Trends

Periodic Table Trends

October 25, 2020
Electronegativity Bond Scale

Electronegativity Bond Scale

October 25, 2015
The Mole relationship to Carbon

The Mole relationship to Carbon

October 24, 2015
Carbon to Carbon Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Carbon to Carbon Nonpolar Covalent Bond

October 22, 2015
The Mole Concept

The Mole Concept

October 21, 2015

Ionization energy trend

October 25, 2020November 17, 2020 SurfguppyLeave a commentEnergy
atomic radius

Ionization energy trend Ionization energy is defined as the amount of energy needed to eject a valence electron from an atom in the gas phase. It is measured in kJ/mol. A valence electron is simply an electron located in the Read More …

Periodic Table Trends

October 25, 2020October 25, 2020 SurfguppyLeave a commentEnergy
periodic table

Today, we are going to learn about how the periodic table is organized and the important information that it provides.  Scientists discovered that if they arranged the elements according to their atomic number, properties of the elements would occur Read More …

Electronegativity Bond Scale

October 25, 2015January 26, 2019 SurfguppyLeave a commentBonds, Energy, Ionic and Covalent Bonding
electronegativity - pauling scale - covalent and ionic bond

The above is an example of electronegativity bond scale.It shows the different types of chemical bonds formed between atoms based on the electronegativity difference. Bond scale varies slightly from text book to text book. For example, some text book show Read More …

The Mole relationship to Carbon

October 24, 2015October 24, 2015 SurfguppyLeave a commentMole
1 Mole equals to 12g of carbon

1 Mole = number of atoms in 12 g of carbon Experiments have determined that in 12g of carbon there are 6.022 x 10^23 number of atoms. In other words, 1 mole of carbon contains 6.022 x 10^23 atoms!

Carbon to Carbon Nonpolar Covalent Bond

October 22, 2015November 28, 2017 SurfguppyLeave a commentNon-Polar
Carbon to carbon forms non-polar covalent bonds

Carbon and Carbon covalent bonds   Carbons are typically nice guys who like sharing their electrons with other atoms. They’re found in most places and social gatherings – cinemas, theaters, restaurants, parties, football matches, and any where nature is present. They enjoy Read More …

The Mole Concept

October 21, 2015December 9, 2015 SurfguppyLeave a commentMole
Mole identity - What is mole in chemistry?

1 mole = 6.022 x 10^23 Avogadro’s Constant 1 mole = Molar Mass Molar Mass No. of moles = Mass / Molar Mass Moles Calculation 1 Mole = number of atoms in 12g of carbon Mole vs Carbon relationship Mole Read More …

Covalent Bond

October 19, 2015January 26, 2016 SurfguppyLeave a commentCovalent Bond
What is a covalent bond?

What is COVALENT BOND? The term covalent bond is used to describe the bonds in compounds that result from the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons. In covalent bonds, the electrons are shared equally between two atoms. However, Read More …

What is Molecular Mass?

October 19, 2015December 1, 2018 Surfguppy3 CommentsMole

How to calculate molecular mass? Determine the molecular formula of the compound. Use the periodic table to determine the atomic mass of each element in the molecule. Multiply the atomic mass of each element by the number of molecules. Finally, Read More …

3 Simple Steps – the Ring Structure of Glucose Molecule

February 28, 2015October 19, 2015 Surfguppy1 CommentOrganic Chemistry
Ring Structure of Glucose Molecule

For drawing purposes, the ring structure of the glucose molecule is broken down into three simple steps as shown below. Each molecule of glucose sugar is only 1 unit consisting of 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms and 6 oxygen atoms in Read More …

Simple Sugars – Monosaccharides

February 28, 2015April 29, 2020 Surfguppy2 CommentsOrganic Chemistry
Monosaccharide One Molecule Simple Sugar - Organic Chemistry

What are Monosaccharides? Monosaccharides are known as simple sugars, they are the simplest form of carbohydrate. They are short chain molecules containing only one chemical ring. Since they are only one ring, they can undergo chemical reactions to provide quick Read More …

Carbohydrates and Sugar

February 27, 2015March 20, 2015 SurfguppyLeave a commentOrganic Chemistry
keep calm it's only organic chemistry

Organic Chemistry Carbohydrate chemistry is a branch of organic chemistry that studies carbon compounds. Carbon can be found in food and non-food substance. As carbon plays a huge role in living things, organic chemistry is very important to medicine and life Read More …

4 Simple Steps – Chain Glucose Molecule

February 22, 2015March 7, 2017 Surfguppy5 CommentsOrganic Chemistry
Glucose Regatta - Glucose Molecule - C6H12O6

Glucose C6H12O6 Stick diagram Post by Surfguppy. Glucose is a carbohydrate and it is one of the smallest units of sugar Its chemical formula is C6H12O6 Glucose are hexoses – 6 carbon sugars In total, there are 24 atoms that form the molecule Read More …

Carbon, Glucose

Open, Closed & Isolated Systems

February 19, 2015January 4, 2021 Surfguppy14 CommentsThermodynamics

Systems   A system refers to any parts of the universe being studied. If you are conducting an experiment in a beaker, then the system you are studying is in the beaker. The system is subject to surrounding factors such Read More …

Extra Post

January 22, 2015October 22, 2015 SurfguppyLeave a commentFeature

The Octet Rule of Electron Configuration

November 18, 2014November 12, 2015 Surfguppy1 CommentEnergy
Valence electron octet rule

What is the Octet Rule of Electron Configuration? Electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in each energy level or orbit of an atom. If the outer shell of an atom is not filled to its maximum level, the atom Read More …

Enthalpy Change Calculation

November 8, 2014December 2, 2020 SurfguppyLeave a commentThermodynamics
Propane combustion

Example: Propane Combustion When 0.5 g of propane is burned, the heat produced is used to raise the temperature of 100 cm³ of water from 20ºC to 40ºC. Calculate the enthalpy change (ΔH) for the reaction. Given the density of Read More …

calculations

Enthalpy, Entropy & Gibbs Free Energy

November 8, 2014November 30, 2020 SurfguppyLeave a commentThermodynamics
icon-gibbs-free-energy

 Enthalpy  Entropy Gibbs Free Energy       Enthalpy is the amount of heat energy transferred (heat absorbed or emitted) in a chemical process under constant pressure. Entropy measures the amount of heat dispersed or transferred during a chemical process. Gibbs Read More …

Enthalpy

November 8, 2014November 30, 2020 SurfguppyLeave a commentThermodynamics

WHAT IS ENTHALPY CHANGE? Don’t get hung up with the term enthalpy change. It is just a simple term to denote the amount of heat that passes in or out of a system during a chemical reaction under constant pressure. Read More …

Reaction Spontaneity

May 10, 2014December 1, 2020 SurfguppyLeave a commentThermodynamics

(Picture above – Dog escaping over the fence – winter 2015) A spontaneous process is a physical or chemical change that occurs with no outside intervention. In life, many things happen spontaneously. For example, my dog escaped over the fence Read More …

Hess Law

May 9, 2014December 1, 2020 SurfguppyLeave a commentThermodynamics
cow

WHAT IS HESS LAW? Hess law states that energy change in the overall chemical reaction is the sum of energy change or enthalpy change in the individual reactions that comprises it. Hess’ Law can be difficult to understand because of all the Read More …

Hess Law – Calculation for Methane formation

May 9, 2014November 30, 2020 SurfguppyLeave a commentThermodynamics
Calculation for Methane formation using Hess Law - Chemistry

METHANE GAS – CH4   What is the enthalpy change when methane is formed using carbon graphite and hydrogen?   When a chemical reaction takes place, heat is either given off or absorbed. If heat is given off, it is Read More …

Understanding Gibbs Free Energy

May 9, 2014January 10, 2021 Surfguppy3 CommentsThermodynamics

What is Gibbs Free Energy? For a simple definition, Gibbs free energy can be described as the amount of energy available to do work. Gibbs Free Energy is invented by Josiah Willard Gibbs (February 11, 1839 – April 28, 1903) Read More …

Gibb’s Free Energy – Ammonia

May 8, 2014December 1, 2020 SurfguppyLeave a commentThermodynamics

The Haber process to manufacture ammonia using nitrogen and hydrogen is given by the equation below: Calculate Gibb’s free energy change (ΔG) at 298 K temperature. Given the entropy change (ΔS): -198 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ Enthalpy change (ΔH): -92 kJ Read More …

calculations

Entropy

May 7, 2014December 1, 2020 Surfguppy1 CommentThermodynamics
Entropy is like a teenager's bedroom 2

WHAT IS ENTROPY? Entropy refers to the amount of unusable energy in a system. When water flows over a dam, it loses some of its useful energy as heat Solid wood burns to become ash and releases gases. Solid ice Read More …

Carbon to Carbon – Single, Double & Triple Bonds

April 28, 2014March 16, 2015 SurfguppyLeave a commentPolymers

CARBON TO CARBON BONDING We know from the periodic table Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons on the outer shells. According to the Octet Rule of Electron Configuration, this means the four are free to wonder and find opportunity to Read More …

Condensation Polymerization

April 22, 2014March 18, 2016 SurfguppyLeave a commentPolymers

Condensation polymers are any kind of polymers formed through a condensation reaction where molecules join together–losing small molecules as by-products such as water or methanol.

Addition Polymerization

April 22, 2014March 20, 2015 SurfguppyLeave a commentPolymers

In addition polymerization, all the original atoms present in the monomers are retained in the polymer product.

Types of Plastics and their Classification

April 22, 2014December 6, 2014 SurfguppyLeave a commentPolymers

Plastic classifications is a system established to allow consumers to properly recycle and dispose of different types of plastics. Manufactures follow a coding system and place an SPI code on each plastic product, and are usually printed or modeled into the bottom.

What is Polymerization

April 21, 2014November 4, 2015 SurfguppyLeave a commentPolymers
Polymerization through the use of a catalyst

Polymerization is simply the process of putting together monomers (single molecules), to become a long chain of molecules (called polymers) with the use of a catalyst.

How to calculate the number of moles

April 17, 2014March 18, 2016 SurfguppyLeave a commentMole
calculating the number of moles - chemistry

Knowing the number of moles allows you to calculate the number of atoms if you are dealing with chemical compounds. Moles are very useful, they allow chemists to use chemical equations to determine the mass of reactants and products. Read about Read More …

Posts navigation

Older posts

Ionization energy trend

October 25, 2020November 17, 2020 SurfguppyLeave a commentEnergy
atomic radius

Ionization energy trend Ionization energy is defined as the amount of energy needed to eject a valence electron from an atom in the gas phase. It is measured in kJ/mol. A valence electron is simply an electron located in the Read More …

Periodic Table Trends

October 25, 2020October 25, 2020 SurfguppyLeave a commentEnergy
periodic table

Today, we are going to learn about how the periodic table is organized and the important information that it provides.  Scientists discovered that if they arranged the elements according to their atomic number, properties of the elements would occur Read More …

Electronegativity Bond Scale

October 25, 2015January 26, 2019 SurfguppyLeave a commentBonds, Energy, Ionic and Covalent Bonding
electronegativity - pauling scale - covalent and ionic bond

The above is an example of electronegativity bond scale.It shows the different types of chemical bonds formed between atoms based on the electronegativity difference. Bond scale varies slightly from text book to text book. For example, some text book show Read More …

The Mole relationship to Carbon

October 24, 2015October 24, 2015 SurfguppyLeave a commentMole
1 Mole equals to 12g of carbon

1 Mole = number of atoms in 12 g of carbon Experiments have determined that in 12g of carbon there are 6.022 x 10^23 number of atoms. In other words, 1 mole of carbon contains 6.022 x 10^23 atoms!

Carbon to Carbon Nonpolar Covalent Bond

October 22, 2015November 28, 2017 SurfguppyLeave a commentNon-Polar
Carbon to carbon forms non-polar covalent bonds

Carbon and Carbon covalent bonds   Carbons are typically nice guys who like sharing their electrons with other atoms. They’re found in most places and social gatherings – cinemas, theaters, restaurants, parties, football matches, and any where nature is present. They enjoy Read More …

The Mole Concept

October 21, 2015December 9, 2015 SurfguppyLeave a commentMole
Mole identity - What is mole in chemistry?

1 mole = 6.022 x 10^23 Avogadro’s Constant 1 mole = Molar Mass Molar Mass No. of moles = Mass / Molar Mass Moles Calculation 1 Mole = number of atoms in 12g of carbon Mole vs Carbon relationship Mole Read More …

Covalent Bond

October 19, 2015January 26, 2016 SurfguppyLeave a commentCovalent Bond
What is a covalent bond?

What is COVALENT BOND? The term covalent bond is used to describe the bonds in compounds that result from the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons. In covalent bonds, the electrons are shared equally between two atoms. However, Read More …

What is Molecular Mass?

October 19, 2015December 1, 2018 Surfguppy3 CommentsMole

How to calculate molecular mass? Determine the molecular formula of the compound. Use the periodic table to determine the atomic mass of each element in the molecule. Multiply the atomic mass of each element by the number of molecules. Finally, Read More …

3 Simple Steps – the Ring Structure of Glucose Molecule

February 28, 2015October 19, 2015 Surfguppy1 CommentOrganic Chemistry
Ring Structure of Glucose Molecule

For drawing purposes, the ring structure of the glucose molecule is broken down into three simple steps as shown below. Each molecule of glucose sugar is only 1 unit consisting of 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms and 6 oxygen atoms in Read More …

Simple Sugars – Monosaccharides

February 28, 2015April 29, 2020 Surfguppy2 CommentsOrganic Chemistry
Monosaccharide One Molecule Simple Sugar - Organic Chemistry

What are Monosaccharides? Monosaccharides are known as simple sugars, they are the simplest form of carbohydrate. They are short chain molecules containing only one chemical ring. Since they are only one ring, they can undergo chemical reactions to provide quick Read More …

Carbohydrates and Sugar

February 27, 2015March 20, 2015 SurfguppyLeave a commentOrganic Chemistry
keep calm it's only organic chemistry

Organic Chemistry Carbohydrate chemistry is a branch of organic chemistry that studies carbon compounds. Carbon can be found in food and non-food substance. As carbon plays a huge role in living things, organic chemistry is very important to medicine and life Read More …

4 Simple Steps – Chain Glucose Molecule

February 22, 2015March 7, 2017 Surfguppy5 CommentsOrganic Chemistry
Glucose Regatta - Glucose Molecule - C6H12O6

Glucose C6H12O6 Stick diagram Post by Surfguppy. Glucose is a carbohydrate and it is one of the smallest units of sugar Its chemical formula is C6H12O6 Glucose are hexoses – 6 carbon sugars In total, there are 24 atoms that form the molecule Read More …

Carbon, Glucose

Open, Closed & Isolated Systems

February 19, 2015January 4, 2021 Surfguppy14 CommentsThermodynamics

Systems   A system refers to any parts of the universe being studied. If you are conducting an experiment in a beaker, then the system you are studying is in the beaker. The system is subject to surrounding factors such Read More …

Extra Post

January 22, 2015October 22, 2015 SurfguppyLeave a commentFeature

The Octet Rule of Electron Configuration

November 18, 2014November 12, 2015 Surfguppy1 CommentEnergy
Valence electron octet rule

What is the Octet Rule of Electron Configuration? Electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in each energy level or orbit of an atom. If the outer shell of an atom is not filled to its maximum level, the atom Read More …

Enthalpy Change Calculation

November 8, 2014December 2, 2020 SurfguppyLeave a commentThermodynamics
Propane combustion

Example: Propane Combustion When 0.5 g of propane is burned, the heat produced is used to raise the temperature of 100 cm³ of water from 20ºC to 40ºC. Calculate the enthalpy change (ΔH) for the reaction. Given the density of Read More …

calculations

Enthalpy, Entropy & Gibbs Free Energy

November 8, 2014November 30, 2020 SurfguppyLeave a commentThermodynamics
icon-gibbs-free-energy

 Enthalpy  Entropy Gibbs Free Energy       Enthalpy is the amount of heat energy transferred (heat absorbed or emitted) in a chemical process under constant pressure. Entropy measures the amount of heat dispersed or transferred during a chemical process. Gibbs Read More …

Enthalpy

November 8, 2014November 30, 2020 SurfguppyLeave a commentThermodynamics

WHAT IS ENTHALPY CHANGE? Don’t get hung up with the term enthalpy change. It is just a simple term to denote the amount of heat that passes in or out of a system during a chemical reaction under constant pressure. Read More …

Reaction Spontaneity

May 10, 2014December 1, 2020 SurfguppyLeave a commentThermodynamics

(Picture above – Dog escaping over the fence – winter 2015) A spontaneous process is a physical or chemical change that occurs with no outside intervention. In life, many things happen spontaneously. For example, my dog escaped over the fence Read More …

Hess Law

May 9, 2014December 1, 2020 SurfguppyLeave a commentThermodynamics
cow

WHAT IS HESS LAW? Hess law states that energy change in the overall chemical reaction is the sum of energy change or enthalpy change in the individual reactions that comprises it. Hess’ Law can be difficult to understand because of all the Read More …

Hess Law – Calculation for Methane formation

May 9, 2014November 30, 2020 SurfguppyLeave a commentThermodynamics
Calculation for Methane formation using Hess Law - Chemistry

METHANE GAS – CH4   What is the enthalpy change when methane is formed using carbon graphite and hydrogen?   When a chemical reaction takes place, heat is either given off or absorbed. If heat is given off, it is Read More …

Understanding Gibbs Free Energy

May 9, 2014January 10, 2021 Surfguppy3 CommentsThermodynamics

What is Gibbs Free Energy? For a simple definition, Gibbs free energy can be described as the amount of energy available to do work. Gibbs Free Energy is invented by Josiah Willard Gibbs (February 11, 1839 – April 28, 1903) Read More …

Gibb’s Free Energy – Ammonia

May 8, 2014December 1, 2020 SurfguppyLeave a commentThermodynamics

The Haber process to manufacture ammonia using nitrogen and hydrogen is given by the equation below: Calculate Gibb’s free energy change (ΔG) at 298 K temperature. Given the entropy change (ΔS): -198 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ Enthalpy change (ΔH): -92 kJ Read More …

calculations

Entropy

May 7, 2014December 1, 2020 Surfguppy1 CommentThermodynamics
Entropy is like a teenager's bedroom 2

WHAT IS ENTROPY? Entropy refers to the amount of unusable energy in a system. When water flows over a dam, it loses some of its useful energy as heat Solid wood burns to become ash and releases gases. Solid ice Read More …

Carbon to Carbon – Single, Double & Triple Bonds

April 28, 2014March 16, 2015 SurfguppyLeave a commentPolymers

CARBON TO CARBON BONDING We know from the periodic table Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons on the outer shells. According to the Octet Rule of Electron Configuration, this means the four are free to wonder and find opportunity to Read More …

Condensation Polymerization

April 22, 2014March 18, 2016 SurfguppyLeave a commentPolymers

Condensation polymers are any kind of polymers formed through a condensation reaction where molecules join together–losing small molecules as by-products such as water or methanol.

Addition Polymerization

April 22, 2014March 20, 2015 SurfguppyLeave a commentPolymers

In addition polymerization, all the original atoms present in the monomers are retained in the polymer product.

Types of Plastics and their Classification

April 22, 2014December 6, 2014 SurfguppyLeave a commentPolymers

Plastic classifications is a system established to allow consumers to properly recycle and dispose of different types of plastics. Manufactures follow a coding system and place an SPI code on each plastic product, and are usually printed or modeled into the bottom.

What is Polymerization

April 21, 2014November 4, 2015 SurfguppyLeave a commentPolymers
Polymerization through the use of a catalyst

Polymerization is simply the process of putting together monomers (single molecules), to become a long chain of molecules (called polymers) with the use of a catalyst.

How to calculate the number of moles

April 17, 2014March 18, 2016 SurfguppyLeave a commentMole
calculating the number of moles - chemistry

Knowing the number of moles allows you to calculate the number of atoms if you are dealing with chemical compounds. Moles are very useful, they allow chemists to use chemical equations to determine the mass of reactants and products. Read about Read More …

Posts navigation

Older posts

Categories

THE MOLE

  • The Mole relationship to Carbon
  • The Mole Concept
  • What is Molecular Mass?
  • How to calculate the number of moles
  • Molar Mass
  • Avogadro’s Constant
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Energy Levls

  • Ionization energy trend
  • Periodic Table Trends
  • Electronegativity Bond Scale
  • The Octet Rule of Electron Configuration
  • Definition, Obits and Energy Level
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Covalent Bonds

  • Carbon to Carbon Nonpolar Covalent Bond
  • Covalent Bond
  • Nonpolar Covalent Bond
  • Polar Covalent Bond
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Ionic Bonds

  • What is an ionic bond
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COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTION

  • Atmospheric Pressure & Boiling Point
  • Freezing Point Depression
  • Boiling Point Elevation
  • Vapor Pressure Lowering
  • Colligative Properties of Solutions
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Solutions

  • Sublimation
  • Dissociation
  • The Process of Solvation
  • Osmotic Pressure
  • Properties of Colloids
  • Brownian Motion
  • Molality – Definition
  • Hydrophobic
  • Solubility
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Thermodynamics

  • Open, Closed & Isolated Systems
  • Enthalpy Change Calculation
  • Enthalpy, Entropy & Gibbs Free Energy
  • Enthalpy
  • Reaction Spontaneity
  • Hess Law
  • Hess Law – Calculation for Methane formation
  • Understanding Gibbs Free Energy
  • Gibb’s Free Energy – Ammonia
  • Entropy
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Polymers

  • Carbon to Carbon – Single, Double & Triple Bonds
  • Condensation Polymerization
  • Addition Polymerization
  • Types of Plastics and their Classification
  • What is Polymerization
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Carbohydrates

  • 3 Simple Steps – the Ring Structure of Glucose Molecule
  • Simple Sugars – Monosaccharides
  • Carbohydrates and Sugar
  • 4 Simple Steps – Chain Glucose Molecule
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Categories

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