Carbon to Carbon Bonds

Ethane is a hydrocarbon that contains a single carbon–carbon bond

Carbon-carbon bonds

A carbon atom has 4 valence electrons

A carbon atom has 4 valence electrons

A single bond

Most bonds that carbon form are single bonds. Single bond simply means sharing one pair of bonding electrons between two atoms and is represented by a single line. 

Two carbon atoms forming a single bond

Two carbon atoms forming a single bond

In ethane, two carbons atoms share a single bond

Structural drawing of an ethane molecule showing the single carbon to carbon bond

A double bond

A carbon atom can also form multiple bonds with other carbon atoms.… Read the rest

Covalent Bonding

In a covalent bond, two atoms share a pair of electrons

What is a COVALENT BOND?

The term covalent bond is used to describe the bonds in compounds that result from the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons.

  • There are two types of covalent bonds – nonpolar and polar covalent bonds
  • In nonpolar covalent bonds, the electrons are shared equally between the two atoms
  • In polar covalent bonds, the electrons are are not shared equally and will be closer to the atom with the higher electronegativity
  • Please note: The electrons are shared, not transferred so there is no loss or gain of electrons

Covalent bond - polar and nonpolarRead the rest

4 Simple Steps – Chain Glucose Molecule

Glucose Regatta - Glucose Molecule - C6H12O6

Glucose C6H12O6

  • Glucose is a carbohydrate and it is one of the smallest units of sugar
  • Its chemical formula is C6H12O6
  • Glucose are hexoses – 6 carbon atoms sugars
  • In total, there are 24 atoms that form the molecule

Glucose molecular structure -1

Step 1:

Draw 6 carbon molecules and draw arms except for the first one

Glucose molecule step 1

Step 2:

Draw 5 hydrogen to carbon bonds
(4 on one side and 1 on the other)

Glucose2

Step 3:

Fill remaining spaces with ( OH ) group.

Read the rest

The Octet Rule of Electron Configuration

Valence electron octet rule

What is the Octet Rule of Electron Configuration?

Electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in each energy level or shell of an atom.

  • If the outer shell of an atom is not filled to its maximum level, the atom is still reactive and has a tendency to combine with other elements
  • The atom only becomes stable when it is filled to the maximum level it can hold in the outer shell
  • The octet rule is a rule of thumb that works most of the time with some exceptions
  • For more information on valence electrons, please click here >>

Chlorine and fluorine fulfilling the octet rule

Chlorine and fluorine are bonded to fulfill the octet rule

Fluorine has 7 valence electrons

Chlorine has 7 valence electrons

Chlorine and fluorine are bonded by sharing 1 electron each

Together they become a stable compound

Each atom now has 8 valence electrons (instead of 7) occupying its valence shell

smiley-163510__180Read the rest

Enthalpy, Entropy & Gibbs Free Energy

icon-gibbs-free-energy
Gibb's free energy
 Enthalpy  Entropy Gibbs Free Energy
 icon-enthalpy  icon-entropy
 icon-gibbs-free-energy
Enthalpy is the amount of heat energy transferred (heat absorbed or emitted) in a chemical process under constant pressure. Entropy measures the amount of heat dispersed or transferred during a chemical process. Gibbs Energy is also known as energy available to initiate a chemical process and is determined under constant pressure and temperature.
Read the rest

Condensation Polymerization

Condensation polymers are any kind of polymers formed through a condensation reaction where molecules join together–losing small molecules as by-products such as water or methanol.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation_polymer

Example – converting ethylene terephthalate to polyethylene

Step 1: Draw two different monomer molecular structure
MOLECULE A AND MOLECULE B

Condensation Polymerization - Making Plyesters or PET

ester-linkageThis pretty symbol you see is called an ester linkage formed by combining acid and an alcohol.… Read the rest

Carbon to Carbon Bonds

Ethane is a hydrocarbon that contains a single carbon–carbon bond

Carbon-carbon bonds

A carbon atom has 4 valence electrons

A carbon atom has 4 valence electrons

A single bond

Most bonds that carbon form are single bonds. Single bond simply means sharing one pair of bonding electrons between two atoms and is represented by a single line. 

Two carbon atoms forming a single bond

Two carbon atoms forming a single bond

In ethane, two carbons atoms share a single bond

Structural drawing of an ethane molecule showing the single carbon to carbon bond

A double bond

A carbon atom can also form multiple bonds with other carbon atoms.… Read the rest

Covalent Bonding

In a covalent bond, two atoms share a pair of electrons

What is a COVALENT BOND?

The term covalent bond is used to describe the bonds in compounds that result from the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons.

  • There are two types of covalent bonds – nonpolar and polar covalent bonds
  • In nonpolar covalent bonds, the electrons are shared equally between the two atoms
  • In polar covalent bonds, the electrons are are not shared equally and will be closer to the atom with the higher electronegativity
  • Please note: The electrons are shared, not transferred so there is no loss or gain of electrons

Covalent bond - polar and nonpolarRead the rest

4 Simple Steps – Chain Glucose Molecule

Glucose Regatta - Glucose Molecule - C6H12O6

Glucose C6H12O6

  • Glucose is a carbohydrate and it is one of the smallest units of sugar
  • Its chemical formula is C6H12O6
  • Glucose are hexoses – 6 carbon atoms sugars
  • In total, there are 24 atoms that form the molecule

Glucose molecular structure -1

Step 1:

Draw 6 carbon molecules and draw arms except for the first one

Glucose molecule step 1

Step 2:

Draw 5 hydrogen to carbon bonds
(4 on one side and 1 on the other)

Glucose2

Step 3:

Fill remaining spaces with ( OH ) group.

Read the rest

The Octet Rule of Electron Configuration

Valence electron octet rule

What is the Octet Rule of Electron Configuration?

Electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in each energy level or shell of an atom.

  • If the outer shell of an atom is not filled to its maximum level, the atom is still reactive and has a tendency to combine with other elements
  • The atom only becomes stable when it is filled to the maximum level it can hold in the outer shell
  • The octet rule is a rule of thumb that works most of the time with some exceptions
  • For more information on valence electrons, please click here >>

Chlorine and fluorine fulfilling the octet rule

Chlorine and fluorine are bonded to fulfill the octet rule

Fluorine has 7 valence electrons

Chlorine has 7 valence electrons

Chlorine and fluorine are bonded by sharing 1 electron each

Together they become a stable compound

Each atom now has 8 valence electrons (instead of 7) occupying its valence shell

smiley-163510__180Read the rest

Enthalpy, Entropy & Gibbs Free Energy

icon-gibbs-free-energy
Gibb's free energy
 Enthalpy  Entropy Gibbs Free Energy
 icon-enthalpy  icon-entropy
 icon-gibbs-free-energy
Enthalpy is the amount of heat energy transferred (heat absorbed or emitted) in a chemical process under constant pressure. Entropy measures the amount of heat dispersed or transferred during a chemical process. Gibbs Energy is also known as energy available to initiate a chemical process and is determined under constant pressure and temperature.
Read the rest

Condensation Polymerization

Condensation polymers are any kind of polymers formed through a condensation reaction where molecules join together–losing small molecules as by-products such as water or methanol.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation_polymer

Example – converting ethylene terephthalate to polyethylene

Step 1: Draw two different monomer molecular structure
MOLECULE A AND MOLECULE B

Condensation Polymerization - Making Plyesters or PET

ester-linkageThis pretty symbol you see is called an ester linkage formed by combining acid and an alcohol.… Read the rest