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Author: Surfguppy

Molar Mass

April 16, 2014October 22, 2015 SurfguppyLeave a commentMole
Molar Mass - chemistry

Molar mass is the weight of one mole of any chemical compounds. How do you calculate molar mass of element (hydrogen)? Molar mass for an element is simply the atomic mass of the element Molar mass of hydrogen = atomic Read More …

Avogadro’s Constant

April 16, 2014October 17, 2020 SurfguppyLeave a commentMole
Mole carbon relationship

If moles have bank accounts, each would have:
6.02 × 10^23 amount of $$$dollars. LOL!

Sublimation

April 14, 2014December 8, 2020 SurfguppyLeave a commentSolutions
The process of sublimation cartoon

WHAT TYPE OF SOLID SUBLIMES? We all know that ice melts before it evaporates. In sublimation, the liquid phased is omitted.

Dissociation

April 14, 2014December 5, 2018 SurfguppyLeave a commentSolutions
Dissociation - Chemistry Cartoon

Dissociation is the breaking down of a compound into elements and the process is usually reversible.

The Process of Solvation

April 9, 2014June 20, 2018 SurfguppyLeave a commentSolutions
In salvation, solute particles are surrounded by solvent molecules

Solvation is simply the process of dissolving .

Osmotic Pressure

April 8, 2014March 18, 2016 SurfguppyLeave a commentSolutions
Semi-permeable membrane and osmotic flow

Jean Antoine Nollet In 1784, a French physicist and clergyman named Jean Antoine Nollet made an interesting discovery. He filled a pig’s bladder with a concentrated solution of alcohol. He then put the bladder in water and the bladder expanded! Read More …

Properties of Colloids

April 8, 2014December 6, 2014 SurfguppyLeave a commentSolutions
Colloid particles repel one another due to presence of similar charges

CLOUDY WATER IN A FISH TANK You may be surprised to know that the cloudy water syndrome in a fish tank is caused by colloids. Over a period of time, organic waste produced by the fish and algae in the Read More …

Brownian Motion

April 7, 2014August 27, 2015 SurfguppyLeave a commentSolutions
Brownian Motion Cartoon - Chemistry

Come to the party, do the zig-zag motion Irregular motion of suspended particles is called “Brownian Motion”. Watch an interesting Youtube video on the discovery of Brownian Motion by British botanist Robert Brown Robert Brown was a Scottish botanist who Read More …

Atmospheric Pressure & Boiling Point

April 6, 2014December 5, 2018 Surfguppy6 CommentsColligative Property
What is vapor pressure chemistry cartoon

WHAT IS VAPOR PRESSURE? Water always evaporates no matter what the temperature or atmospheric pressure is. Even in the coldest of winter, snow and ice can evaporate by a process called sublimation. They can turn straight into vapor (the gaseous stage) Read More …

Molality – Definition

April 6, 2014March 18, 2016 SurfguppyLeave a commentSolutions
MOLALITY IS THE MOLES OF SOLUTE IN 1 KG SOLVENT

Molality is defined as the number of moles of solute per 1 (kg) of solvent. Solute = particles you dissolve Solvent = the liquid you use for dissolving the particles MOLALITY = MOLES OF SOLUTE / MASS OF SOLVENT (KG) EXAMPLE CALCULATION Read More …

Freezing Point Depression

April 6, 2014January 10, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentColligative Property
Colligative Property – Freezing Point Depression

Freezing point depression is simply the process of LOWERING the freezing point of a liquid by adding a solute to it. Adding non-volatile substance to volatile substance lowers the temperature for freezing point.

colligative properties

Boiling Point Elevation

April 6, 2014January 10, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentColligative Property
Boiling point eleveation cartoon

Boiling Point Elevation The RAISING of the normal boiling point of a liquid by adding a non-volatile substance to it. When you add a non-volatile solute to a pure solvent, the boiling point of the liquid solvent is elevated due to the Read More …

colligative properties

Vapor Pressure Lowering

April 6, 2014January 10, 2021 Surfguppy2 CommentsColligative Property

VAPOR PRESSURE LOWERING Adding non-volatile solute to volatile solvent lowers the solvent’s vapor pressure. For example, water normally boils at 100ºC (212ºF) but if you add a substance like salt to the solution, it decreases the vapor pressure of the solution.   First, recall Read More …

colligative properties

Colligative Properties of Solutions

April 6, 2014January 10, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentColligative Property
What are colligative properties?

WHAT ARE COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS? The characteristics of a solution such as the boiling point, freezing point and vapor pressure are known as colligative properties Colligative properties apply only to solutions and not gas or solids. COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES ARE Read More …

colligative properties

Hydrophobic

April 4, 2014October 24, 2015 SurfguppyLeave a commentSolutions
Hydrophobic molecules repel water

Nonpolar Molecules have hydrophobic bonds Nonpolar molecules do not contain ions and don’t have dipole movement to form charges. Dipole movement means separation of charges like an atom becoming either positively or negatively charged during a bonding process. Nonpolar molecules Read More …

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

April 4, 2014January 10, 2021 Surfguppy2 CommentsNon-Polar
non polar covalent bonds electrons shared equally

A nonpolar covalent bond is a chemical bond where electrons are shared equally between two atoms Analogy – like a couple with a joint bank account. NONPOLAR COVALENT BOND The electrons are equally shared  There is no charge separation (dipole Read More …

bonding

Polar Covalent Bond

April 4, 2014January 10, 2021 SurfguppyLeave a commentPolar
Polar covalent bond electrons are not equal distance

The electrons are unequally shared between two atoms When a chemical bond involves “the sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms in a molecule”, it is generally called a covalent bond. When the electrons are unequally shared between Read More …

bonding

What is an ionic bond

April 1, 2014January 10, 2021 Surfguppy2 CommentsIonic Bond
ionic bond chemistry cartoon

IONIC BONDS   An ionic bond is formed by the complete transfer of electrons between atoms. THE IONIC BOND LOVE STORY An ionic bond is formed between elements of drastically different electronegativities, which are typically found between metals and non-metals. Read More …

bonding

Comparision of Bonds

April 1, 2014October 24, 2015 SurfguppyLeave a commentBonds

A QUICK LOOK AT THE THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MOLECULAR BONDS HOW DO YOU FIND OUT THE TYPE OF BOND If you’re given two elements, such as carbon and oxygen, how do you tell what type of bond they will Read More …

bonding

Solubility

April 1, 2014November 4, 2015 SurfguppyLeave a commentSolutions
Solubility is how much of the substance you can dissolve in a given amount of solvent

DEFINITION OF SOLUBILITY The solubility of a substance is the amount of that substance that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOLUTE AND SOLVENT SOLUTE – the substance to be dissolved SOLVENT – the liquid for Read More …

solubility

Definition, Obits and Energy Level

March 31, 2014July 29, 2020 Surfguppy1 CommentEnergy
Valence electron octet rule

Definition The valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell or last energy level of an atom. Valence electrons are electrons in the highest principal energy level. They are electrons that sit on the outermost orbit of an element. Read More …

Electronegativity

March 31, 2014December 7, 2016 SurfguppyLeave a commentEnergy
electronegativity - atoms tendency to attract a bonding pair of electrons

Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons.

electronegativity

Welcome to Surfguppy

October 19, 2011December 7, 2016 SurfguppyLeave a commentFeature

Hello and welcome to Sufguppy. Surfguppy provides free online chemistry notes for high school and college students. If you’re a teacher or student, please feel free to use our materials for non-commercial purposes. A small portion of materials on this Read More …

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Categories

THE MOLE

  • The Mole relationship to Carbon
  • The Mole Concept
  • What is Molecular Mass?
  • How to calculate the number of moles
  • Molar Mass
  • Avogadro’s Constant
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Energy Levls

  • Ionization energy trend
  • Periodic Table Trends
  • Electronegativity Bond Scale
  • The Octet Rule of Electron Configuration
  • Definition, Obits and Energy Level
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Covalent Bonds

  • Carbon to Carbon Nonpolar Covalent Bond
  • Covalent Bond
  • Nonpolar Covalent Bond
  • Polar Covalent Bond
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Ionic Bonds

  • What is an ionic bond
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COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTION

  • Atmospheric Pressure & Boiling Point
  • Freezing Point Depression
  • Boiling Point Elevation
  • Vapor Pressure Lowering
  • Colligative Properties of Solutions
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Solutions

  • Sublimation
  • Dissociation
  • The Process of Solvation
  • Osmotic Pressure
  • Properties of Colloids
  • Brownian Motion
  • Molality – Definition
  • Hydrophobic
  • Solubility
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Thermodynamics

  • Open, Closed & Isolated Systems
  • Enthalpy Change Calculation
  • Enthalpy, Entropy & Gibbs Free Energy
  • Enthalpy
  • Reaction Spontaneity
  • Hess Law
  • Hess Law – Calculation for Methane formation
  • Understanding Gibbs Free Energy
  • Gibb’s Free Energy – Ammonia
  • Entropy
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Polymers

  • Carbon to Carbon – Single, Double & Triple Bonds
  • Condensation Polymerization
  • Addition Polymerization
  • Types of Plastics and their Classification
  • What is Polymerization
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Carbohydrates

  • 3 Simple Steps – the Ring Structure of Glucose Molecule
  • Simple Sugars – Monosaccharides
  • Carbohydrates and Sugar
  • 4 Simple Steps – Chain Glucose Molecule
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